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authority 音標拼音: [əθ'ɔrəti] n. U權,權力; U職權,權限;當局,官方; C權威 U權,權力; U職權,權限;當局,官方; C權威 authority權力 authority權限 權力 authority n 1: the power or right to give orders or make decisions; " he has the authority to issue warrants"; " deputies are given authorization to make arrests"; " a place of potency in the state" [ synonym: { authority}, { authorization}, { authorisation}, { potency}, { dominance}, { say- so}] 2: ( usually plural) persons who exercise ( administrative) control over others; " the authorities have issued a curfew" 3: an expert whose views are taken as definitive; " he is an authority on corporate law" 4: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities; " his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular"; " after that failure he lost his confidence"; " she spoke with authority" [ synonym: { assurance}, { self- assurance}, { confidence}, { self- confidence}, { authority}, { sureness}] 5: an administrative unit of government; " the Central Intelligence Agency"; " the Census Bureau"; " Office of Management and Budget"; " Tennessee Valley Authority" [ synonym: { agency}, { federal agency}, { government agency}, { bureau}, { office}, { authority}] 6: official permission or approval; " authority for the program was renewed several times" [ synonym: { authority}, { authorization}, { authorisation}, { sanction}] 7: an authoritative written work; " this book is the final authority on the life of Milton" Authority \ Au* thor" i* ty\, n.; pl. { Authorities}. [ OE. autorite, auctorite, F. autorit[' e], fr. L. auctoritas, fr. auctor. See { Author}, n.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; power exercised buy a person in virtue of his office or trust; dominion; jurisdiction; authorization; as, the authority of a prince over subjects, and of parents over children; the authority of a court. [ 1913 Webster] Thus can the demigod, Authority, Make us pay down for our offense. -- Shak. [ 1913 Webster] By what authority doest thou these things ? -- Matt. xxi. 23. [ 1913 Webster] 2. Government; the persons or the body exercising power or command; as, the local authorities of the States; the military authorities. [ Chiefly in the plural.] [ 1913 Webster] 3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem; influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like; claim to be believed or obeyed; as, an historian of no authority; a magistrate of great authority. [ 1913 Webster] 4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence: ( a) Testimony; witness. " And on that high authority had believed." -- Milton. ( b) A precedent; a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent. ( c) A book containing such a statement or opinion, or the author of the book. ( d) Justification; warrant. [ 1913 Webster] Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern Authority for sin, warrant for blame. -- Shak. [ 1913 Webster] 426 Moby Thesaurus words for " authority": Admirable Crichton, acme, adept, administration, adviser, affidavit, aficionado, agency, agentship, amateur, amperage, announcer, annunciator, appurtenance, arbiter, arbiter elegantiarum, arbiter of taste, armipotence, artisan, artist, artiste, ascendancy, assignment, attache, attestation, authoritativeness, authorities, authority, authorization, be- all and end- all, beef, bill of health, birthright, black power, blue ribbon, bon vivant, brevet, brute force, buff, care, certificate, certificate of proficiency, certification, championship, channel, charge, charisma, charm, claim, claws, clearance, clout, clutches, cogence, cogency, cognoscente, collector, command, commission, commissioning, commitment, communicant, communicator, compulsion, conduct, conjugal right, connaisseur, connoisseur, consequence, consignment, consultant, control, cordon bleu, countenance, crack shot, craftsman, credential, credit, critic, cure, dead shot, delegated authority, delegation, demand, deposition, deputation, devolution, devolvement, dilettante, dint, diploma, diplomat, diplomatist, direction, directorship, disposition, divine right, doctor, dominance, domination, dominion, drive, droit, due, duress, effect, effectiveness, effectuality, elder, elder statesman, embassy, eminence, empery, empire, empowerment, enabling, enchantment, energy, enfranchisement, enlightener, entitlement, entrusting, entrustment, epicure, epicurean, errand, establishment, esteem, evidence, example, executorship, exemplar, exequatur, experienced hand, experimental scientist, expert, expert consultant, expert witness, factorship, faculty, fan, favor, fiat, first place, first prize, flower power, force, force majeure, forcefulness, freak, full blast, full force, full power, good feeling, good judge, gossipmonger, gourmand, gourmet, governance, government, graduate, grapevine, great soul, greatness, grip, guidance, guru, hand, handling, hands, handy man, headship, hegemony, height, highest, hold, husbandry, ideal, illuminate, imperium, importance, inalienable right, incidental power, influence, influentiality, influentialness, informant, information center, information medium, informer, insinuation, intellect, intellectual, interest, interviewee, iron hand, journeyman, judge, jurisdiction, justness, kingship, lead, leadership, leading, legation, leverage, license, lieutenancy, lordship, lover of wisdom, magisterialness, magnetism, mahatma, main force, main strength, man of intellect, man of science, man of wisdom, mana, management, managery, managing, mandarin, mandate, manipulation, marksman, master, mastermind, mastership, mastery, maven, maximum, mentor, might, might and main, mightiness, mission, model, moment, monitor, most, mouthpiece, moxie, muscle power, navicert, ne plus ultra, new high, newsmonger, no slouch, notarized statement, note, notifier, nut, office, officialdom, officials, oracle, ordering, palms, paramountcy, past master, pattern, personality, persuasion, philosopher, pilotage, pizzazz, plenipotentiary power, police, politician, poop, potence, potency, potentiality, power, power of attorney, power pack, power structure, power struggle, power to act, powerfulness, powers that be, practical scientist, precedence, predominance, preponderance, prepotency, prerogative, prescription, presidency, press, pressure, prestige, presumptive right, pretense, pretension, primacy, priority, pro, procuration, productiveness, productivity, professional, professor, proficient, prominence, proper claim, property right, proxy, public relations officer, publisher, puissance, pull, punch, pundit, purchase, purview, push, rabbi, radio, raj, rank, ratification, record, refined palate, regency, regentship, regnancy, regulation, reign, reporter, repute, responsibility, right, rishi, rule, running, sage, sanction, sapient, savant, say, say- so, scholar, scientist, seer, seniority, shark, sharp, sheepskin, sinew, solidity, soundness, source, sovereignty, specialist, spokesman, standard, starets, statesman, stature, steam, steerage, steering, strength, strings, strong arm, suasion, substantiality, subtle influence, suggestion, superiority, superpower, supremacy, sway, sworn statement, talons, task, technical adviser, technical expert, technician, technologist, television, teller, testamur, testimonial, testimony, the conn, the helm, the wheel, thinker, ticket, tipster, title, top spot, tout, trust, trusteeship, upper hand, validity, vehemence, vested interest, vested right, vicarious authority, vigor, vim, virility, virtue, virtuoso, virulence, visa, vise, vitality, voucher, warrant, warranty, wattage, weight, weightiness, whip hand, wise man, wise old man, witness, wizard, word, zenithAUTHORITY, contracts. The delegation of power by one person to another. 2. We will consider, 1. The delegation 2. The nature of the authority. 3. The manner it is to be executed. 4. The effects of the authority. 3.- 1. The authority may be delegated by deed, or by parol. 1. It maybe delegated by deed for any purpose whatever, for whenever an authority byparol would be sufficient, one by deed will be equally so. When theauthority is to do something which must be performed through the medium of adeed, then the authority must also be by deed, and executed with all theforms necessary, to render that instrument perfect; unless, indeed, theprincipal be present, and verbally or impliedly authorizes the agent to fixhis name to the deed; 4 T. R. 313; W. Jones, R. 268; as, if a man beauthorized to convey a tract of land, the letter of attorney must be bydeed. Bac. Ab. h. t.; 7 T. R. 209; 2 Bos. & Pull, 338; 5 Binn. 613;. 14 S. & A. 331; 6 S. & R. 90; 2 Pick. R. 345; 6 Mass. R. 11; 1 Wend. 424 9 Wend. R. 54, 68; 12 Wend. R. 525; Story, Ag. Sec. 49; 3 Kent, Com. 613, 3d edit.; 3Chit. Com. Law, 195. But it does not require a written authority to sign anunscaled paper, or a contract in writing not under seal. Paley on Ag. byLloyd, 161; Story, Ag. Sec. 50. 4.- 2. For many purposes, however, the authority may be by parol, either in writing not under seal, or verbally, or by the mere employment ofthe agent. Pal. on Agen. 2. The exigencies of commercial affairs render suchan appointment indispensable; business would be greatly embarrassed, if aregular letter of attorney were required to sign or negotiate a promissorynote or bill of exchange, or sell or buy goods, or write a letter, orprocure a policy for another. This rule of the common law has been adoptedand followed from the civil law. Story, Ag. Sec. 47; Dig. 3, 3, 1, 1 Poth. Pand. 3, 3, 3; Domat, liv. 1, tit. 15, Sec. 1, art. 5; see also 3 Chit. Com. Law, 5, 195 7 T. R. 350. 5.- 2. The authority given must have been possessed by the person whodelegates it, or it will be void; and it must be of a thing lawful, or itwill not justify the person to whom it is given. Dyer, 102; Kielw. 83. It isa maxim that delegata potestas non potest delegari, so that an agent who hasa mere authority must execute it himself, and cannot delegate his authorityto a sub- agent. See 5 Pet. 390; 3 Story, R. 411, 425; 11 Gill & John. 58; 26 Wend. 485; 15 Pick. 303, 307; 1 McMullan, 453; 4 Scamm. 127, 133; 2Inst. 597. See Delegation. 6. Authorities are divided into general or special. A general authorityis one which extends to all acts connected with a particular employment; aspecial authority is one confined to " an individual instance." 15 East, 408; Id. 38. 7. They are also divided into limited and unlimited. When the agent isbound by precise instructions, it is limited; and unlimited when be is leftto pursue his own discretion. An authority is either express or implied. 8. An express authority may be by deed of by parol, that is in writingnot under seal, or verbally.. The authority must have been actually given. 9. An implied authority is one which, although no proof exists of itshaving been actually given, may be inferred from the conduct of theprincipal; for example, when a man leaves his wife without support, the lawpresumes he authorizes her to buy necessaries for her maintenance; or if amaster, usually send his servant to buy goods for him upon credit, and theservant buy some things without the master' s orders, yet the latter will beliable upon the implied authority. Show. 95; Pal. on Ag. 137 to 146. 10.- 3. In considering in what manner the authority is to be executed, it will be necessary to examine, 1. By whom the authority must be executed. 2. In what manner. 3. In what time. 11.- 1. A delegated authority can be executed only by the person towhom it is given, for the confidence being personal, cannot be assigned to astranger. 1 Roll. Ab. 330 2 Roll. Ab. 9 9 Co. 77 b.; 9 Ves. 236, 251 3 Mer. R. 237; 2 M. & S. 299, 301. 12. An authority given to two cannot be executed by one. Co. Litt. 112b, 181 b. And an authority given to three jointly and separately, is not, ingeneral, well executed by two. Co. Litt. 181 b; sed vide 1 Roll. Abr. 329, 1, 5; Com. Dig. Attorney, C 8 3 Pick. R. 232; 2 Pick. R. 345; 12 Mass. R. 185; 6 Pick. R. 198; 6 John. R. 39; Story, Ag. Sec. 42. These rules apply toon authority of a private nature, which must be executed by all to whom itis given; and not to a power of a public nature, which may be executed byall to whom majority. 9 Watts, R. 466; 5 Bin. 484, 5; 9 S, & R. 99. 2. Whenthe authority is particular, it must in general be strictly pursued, or itwill be void, unless the variance be merely circumstantial. Co. Litt. 49 b, 303, b; 6 T. R. 591; 2 H. Bl. 623 Co. Lit. 181, b; 1 Tho. Co. Lit. 852. 13.- 2. As to the form to be observed in the execution of an authority, it is a general rule that an act done under a power of attorney must be donein the name Of the person who gives a power, and not in the attorney' s name. 9 Co. 76, 77. It has been holden that the name of the attorney is notrequisite. 1 W. & S. 328, 332; Moor, pl. 1106; Str. 705; 2 East, R. 142; Moor, 818; Paley on Ag. by Lloyd, 175; Story on Ag. Sec. 146 T 9 Ves. 236: 1Y. & J. 387; 2 M. & S. 299; 4 Campb. R. 184; 2 Cox, R. 84; 9 Co. R. 75; 6John. R. 94; 9 John. Pi,. 334; 10 Wend. R. 87; 4 Mass. R. 595; 2 Kent, Com. 631, 3d ed. But it matters not in what words this is done, if itsufficiently appear to be in the name of the principal, as, for A B, ( theprincipal,) C D, ( the attorney,) which has been held to be sufficient. See15 Serg. & R. 55; 11 Mass. R. 97; 22 Pick. R. 168; 12 Mass. R. 237 9 Mass. 335; 16 Mass. R. 461; 1 Cowen, 513; 3 Wend. 94; Story, Ag. Sec. 154, 275, 278, 395; Story on P. N., 69; 2 East, R. 142; 7 Watt' s R. 121 6 John. R. 94. But see contra, Bac. Ab. Leases, J 10; 9 Co, 77; l Hare & Wall. Sel. Dec. 426. 14.- 3. The execution must take place during the continuance, of theauthority, which is determined either by revocation, or performance of thecommission. 15. In general, an authority is revocable, unless it be given as asecurity, or it be coupled with an interest. 3 Watts & Serg. 14; 4 Campb. N. P. 272; 7 Ver. 28; 2 Kent' s Com. 506; 8 Wheat. 203; 2 Cowen, 196; 2 Esp. N. P. Cases, 565; Bac. Abr. h. t. The revocation ( q. v.) is either express orimplied; when it is express and made known to the person authorized, theauthority is at an end; the revocation is implied when the principal dies, or, if a female, marries; or the subject of the authority is destroyed, asif a man have authority to sell my house, and it is destroyed by fire or tobuy for me a horse, and before the execution of the authority, the horsedies. 16. When once the agent has exercised all the authority given to him, the authority is at an end. 17.- 4. An authority is to be so construed as to include all necessaryor usual means of executing it with effect 2 H. Bl. 618; 1 Roll. R. 390; Palm. 394 10 Ves. 441; 6 Serg. & R. 149; Com'. Dig. Attorney, C 15; 4 Campb. R. 163 Story on Ag. 58 to 142; 1 J. J. Marsh. R. 293 5 Johns. R. 58 1 Liv. on Ag. 103, 4 and when the agent acts, avowedly as such, within hisauthority, he is not personally responsible. Pal. on Ag. 4, 5. Vide, generally, 3 Vin. Ab. 416; Bac. Ab. h. f.; 1 Salk. 95 Com. Dig. h. t., andthe titles there referred to. 1 Roll. Ab. 330 2 Roll. Ab. 9 Bouv. Inst. Index, h. t. and the articles, Attorney; Agency; Agent; Principal.
AUTHORITY, government. The right and power which an officer has in theexercise of a public function to compel obedience to his lawful commands. Ajudge, for example, has authority to enforce obedience to his not beingcorrect. Merlin, Repertoire, mot Authentique.
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